Eulers Totient Theorem

Eulers Totient TheoremSummary Euler Totient theorem is a generalized form of Fermats Little supposition. As such, it solely depends on Fermats Little Theorem as indicated in Eulers correction in 1763 and, later in 1883, the theorem was named after him by J. J. Sylvester. According to Sylvester, the theorem is basically about the alteration in similarity. The term Totient was derived from Quotient, hence, the function deals with division, just in a unique way. In this manner, The Eulers Totient function for any integer (n) disregard be demarcated, as the figure of positive integers is not greater than and co-prime to n.a(n) = 1 (mod n) found on Leonhard Eulers contributions toward the development of this theorem, the theory was named after him despite the fact that it was a generalization of Fermats Little Theory in which n is identified to be prime. found on this fact, some scholarly source refers to this theorem as the Fermats-Euler theorem of Eulers generalization.Introductio nI starting time developed an interest in Euler when I was completing a tender crossword the concealed message read Euler was the master of the crossword. When I first saw the inclusion of the name Euler on the list of prompt words, I had no option but to just go for it. Euler was a famous mathematician in the eighteenth century, who was acknowledged for his contribution in the math discipline, as he was trus bothrthy for proving numerous problems and conjectures. Taking the number theory as an example, Euler successively played a vital role in proving the two-squ are theorem as well as the Fermats small(a) theorem (Griffiths and Peter 81). His contribution also paved the way to proving the four-square theorem. Therefore, in this course project, I am going to focus on his theory, which is not known to umpteen it is a generalization of Fermats little theorem that is commonly known as Eulers theorem.TheoremEulers Totient theorem holds that if a and n are coprime positive integers , then since n is a Eulers Totient function.Eulers Totient solveEulers Totient Function (n) is the count of positive integers that are less that n and relatively prime to n. For instance, 10 is 4, since there are four integers, which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10 1, 3, 7, 9. Consequently, 11 is 10, since there 11 prime numbers which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10. The similar way, 6 is 2 as 1 and 5 are relatively prime to 6, but 2, 3, and 4 are not.The spare-time activity table represents the totients of numbers up to twenty.Nn21324254627684961041110124131214615816817161861918208Some of these examples seek to prove Eulers totient theorem.Let n = 10 and a = 3. In this case, 10 and 3 are co-prime i.e. relatively prime. Using the provided table, it is clear that 10 = 4. Then this relation can also be represented as follows34 = 81 1 (mode 10). Conversely, if n = 15 and a = 2, it is clear that 28 = 256 1 (mod 15).Fermats Little TheoryAccording to Liskov (221), Eulers Totient theorem is a simplification of Fermats little theorem and works with every n that are relatively prime to a. Fermats little theorem only works for a and p that are relatively prime.a p-1 1 (mod p)ora p a (mod p)where p itself is prime.It is, therefore, clear that this equation fits in the Eulers Totient theorem for every prime p, as indicated in p, where p is a prime and is given by p-1.Therefore, to prove Eulers theorem, it is vital to first prove Fermats little theorem.Proof to Fermats Little TheoremAs earlier indicated, the Fermats little theorem can be expressed as followsap a (mod p)taking two numbers a and p, that are relatively prime, where p is also prime.The set of a a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a(p-1)a(i) dig another set of number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.(p-1a)(ii)If one decides to take the modulus for p, each segment of the set (i) will be appropriate to an item in the randomness set (ii). Therefore, there will be one on one correspondence between the two set s. This can be proven as lemma 1.Consequently, if one decides to take the product of the first set, that is a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x . (p-1)a as well as the product of the import set as 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 (p-1). It is clear that both of these sets are congruous to one another that is, each component part in the first set matches another element in the second set (Liskov 221).Therefore, the two sets can be represented as followsa x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x . (p-1)a 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 (p-1) (mode p).If one takes out the factor a p-1 from the left-hand side (L.H.S), the resultant equation will be Ap-1 a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x . (p-1)a 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 (p-1) (mode p).If the same equation is divided up by 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 (p-1) when p is prime, one will obtaina p a (mod p)ora p-1 1 (mod p)It should be clear that each element in the first set should correspond to another element in the second set (elements of the set are congruent). Even though this is not obvious at the first step, it can still be prove through trio logical steps as followsEach element in the first set should be congruent to one element in the second set this implies that none of the elements will be congruent to 0, as pand a are relatively prime.No two numbers in the first set can be labeled as ba or ca. If this is done, some elements in the first set can be the same as those in the second set. This would imply that two numbers are congruent to each other i.e. ba ca (mod p), which would mean that b c (mod p) which is not true mathematically, since both the element are divergent and less than p.An element in the first set can not be congruent to two numbers in the second set, since a number can only be congruent to numbers that differ by multiple of p.Through these three rules, one can prove Fermats Little Theorem.Proof of Eulers Totient TheoremSince the Fermats little theorem is a special form of Eulers Totient theorem, it follows that the two proofs provided earlier in this exploration a re similar, but slight adjustments need to be made to Fermats little theorem to justify Eulers Totient theorem (Krizek 97). This can be done by using the equationa n 1 (mod n)where the two numbers, a and n, are relatively prime, with the set of figures N, which are relatively prime to n 1, n1. n2.n n . This set is likely to drive home n element, which is defined by the number of the relatively prime number to n. In the same way, in the second set aN, each and every element is a product of a as well as an element of N a, an1, an2, an3ann.Each element of the set aN must be congruent to another element in the set N (mode n) as noted by the earlier three rules. Therefore, each element of the two sets will be congruent to each other (Giblin 111).In this scenario case, it can be said thata x an1 x an2 x an3 x . an n a x n1 x n2 x n3 x .n n (mod n).By factoring out a and an from the left-hand side, one can obtain the following equationa n 1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x .n n 1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x .n n (mod n)If this obtained equation is divided by 1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x .n n from both sides, all the elements in the two sets will be relatively prime. The obtained equation will be as followsa n 1 (mod n)Application of the Eulers TheoremUnlike other Eulers works in the number theory like the proof for the two-square theorem and the four-square theorem, the Eulers totient theorem has real applications across the globe. The Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem are commonly used in decryption and encryption of data, especially in the RSA encryption systems, which protection resolves around big prime numbers (Wardlaw 97).ConclusionIn summary, this theorem may not be Eulers most well-designed piece of mathematics my favorite theorem is the two-square theorem by unnumbered descent. Despite this, the theorem seems to be a crucial and important piece of work, especially for that time. The number theory is still regarded as the most useful theory in mathematics nowadays. Thr ough this proof, I have had the opportunity to connect some of the work I have earlier done in discrete mathematics as well as sets relation and group options. Indeed, these two options seem to be among the purest sections of mathematics that I have ever studied in mathematics. However, this exploration has enabled me to explore the relationship between Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem. I have also applied knowledge from one discipline to the other which has broadened my view of mathematics.Works CitedGiblin, P J. Primes, and Programming An Introduction to Number Theory with Computing. Cambridge UP, 1993. Print.Griffiths, H B, and Peter J. Hilton. A Comprehensive Textbook of Classical Mathematics A Contemporary Interpretation. London avant-garde Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1970. Print.Krizek, M., et al. 17 Lectures on Fermat Numbers From Number Theory to Geometry. Springer, 2001. Print.Liskov, Moses. Fermats Little Theorem. Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, pp. 221-221.Wardlaw, William P. Eulers Theorem for Polynomials. Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. Print.